European Journal of Social Sciences

Volume 51 No 1
January, 2016
The Labor Market and Output in Bangladesh: Does Okun’s Law Stand Still?
5-15
Md. Mahmudul Hassan and Kamal Hossain
 
Abstract:
Unemployment, an important macroeconomic problem plays a crucial role in developing economies. High unemployment gives signal that labor resources are not being used efficiently. Hence, targeting full employment should be a major macroeconomic aim of any government. In macroeconomic literature there is a well known premise called Okun’s Law, which states the negative relationship between unemployment rate and real GDP (or economic growth). The core purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between unemployment and real GDP considering Bangladesh as a case study. The sample covers annual data from 1972/73 to 2011/12. This paper examines whether there exists an Okun type relationship between this two macro variable in BD economy. The empirical results show that the negative relationship between output and unemployment is present. And there is no long run relationship between economic growth and unemployment.
Keywords: Okun’s Law, output gap, cointegration, Granger causality,
 
 
L'incrimination de la traite des êtres humains en Droit Émirati
16-34
Gehad Abdelaziz
 
Abstract:
Le droit pénal émirati est le premier droit des pays du golf qui a incriminé la traite des êtres humains par une loi spéciale en 2006. Cette loi est considérée comme un progrès notable dans la confrontation du crime de la traite. En 2015, le législateur émirati a modifié cette loi pour étendre le domaine d'incrimination de la traite, et confier des droits fondamentaux aux victimes. De nouvelles formes de traite ont été ajoutées par la nouvelle loi. Elle a aussi prévu de façon très explicite l'irresponsabilité pénale des victimes, et leur a reconnu des droits fondamentaux. Elle a ajouté la forme de vente, l'offre de vente ou la promesse de vente des personnes et n'exige pour concrétiser cette forme ni l'utilisation de moyen de contrainte ni l'existence d'une fin d'exploitation. En outre, elle a ajouté la mendicité aux formes d'exploitation et a aussi considéré l’offre, l’acceptation de paiements ou d’avantages pour obtenir le consentement d’une personne ayant une autorité sur une autre aux fins d’exploitation comme une forme autonome de traite. En ce qui concerne les sanctions appliquées, l'emprisonnement de 5 à 15 ans est la peine appliquée sans l'existence de circonstances aggravantes, et l'emprisonnement à vie quand celles-ci existent.
Keyword: traite des êtres humains – formes d'exploitation – Droit Émirati - moyens de contrainte – l'élément matériel – l'élément moral- circonstances aggravantes – formes de traite.
 
 
Achieving Violent–Free Elections in Nigeria: The Role of Political Parties
35-52
Larry E. Udu and Emmanuel O. Abah
 
Abstract:
The imperative of violent free elections for democratic consolidation in Nigeria can never be overemphasized. Unfortunately, the spate of electoral violence in Nigeria democratization process over the years, despite government efforts through legislation to stem the tide, appears to suggest that the elderado is not yet in sight. However, since electoral violence is perpetrated by politicians and their supporters, the role of political parties in curbing the manance becomes critical. The study therefore, examines the role of political parties in achieving violent-free elections in Nigeria. Content Analytical Approach was adopted while the paper was premised on examination of the relationship between democracy, sustenance of democracy and violent behaviour expressed through electoral violence in a social reproductive system. Findings reveal that electoral violence results from such factors as: poverty; unemployment; bad governance, corruption, ethnicity, imposition of candidates, electoral fraud by politicians as well as electoral bodies and security agents. The paper recommends among others, that the issue of pervasive poverty and unemployment in the country be tackled frontally, intra-party democracy, devoid of any form of imposition/anointing of special candidates right from party primaries should be discouraged and the INEC, as well as security agencies must be truly non-partisan to reduce the problem of electoral violence to a manageable level. It is the position of this paper that the preservation and consolidation of democracy requires a crisis-frees environment and that, violence, when it persists, portends ills for democracy.
Keywords: Election, Violence, Political Parties, Democracy, Nigeria.
 
 
Towards a Revision of the Jordanian Civil Law
53-70
Ahmed A. Owaidi
 
Abstract:
In this research titled “Towards a Revision of the Jordanian Civil Law", I have addressed the extent of need to amend the Jordanian Civil Law after 40 years of its publication.I have reviewed the size of sections of the Jordanian Civil Law, and I see that thereare plenty of repetition, both in the same law, and in other special laws. I have also addressed the harmonyof the provisions of the Civil Law with each other, and that showed a lot of contradictory texts that need to be amended.
Furthermore, I have dealt with the appropriateness of drafting of legal texts and terminology, and found that many of the texts areunsound, and the legislator used some of the terminology and concepts that are unfamiliar and unknownin the law. I also addressed the consistency of theories and legal provisions, and that showed an imbalance in some theories such as the contract theory, specifically, in the ranks of the contract, as well as a difference in the terms of defects affecting consent in the Civil Law. Accordingly, I have produced a number of findings and recommendations.
Keywords: Jordanian Civil Law, Revising the Civil Law
 
 
Extent of Possibility of Increasing Obligations of Non-Breaching Contracting Party in Jordanian Law
71-79
Ahmed A. Owaidi
 
Abstract:
I have addressed in this paper, entitled " Extent of Possibility of Increasing Obligations of Non-Breaching Contracting Party in Jordanian Law", the texts which allow to increase the obligations of the contracting party contained in the contract as well as the contract requirements in accordance with the law, custom, and the nature of disposition. I have found out that there are some texts which allow increasing the obligations of non-breaching contracting party without giving him the right to terminate the contract. These texts lead to increase the burden of the contracting party, which he may not be able to meet, such as the text of Article 205 of the Jordanian Civil law on the theory of emergency conditions, as well as the text of Article 43 of the Labor law, which allows the Minister of Labor to expand the scope of any collective contract in order to apply all of its conditions on employers and workers in a particular sector in all regions or in a particular area.
There are also texts that increase the obligations of the non-breaching contracting party but give him the right to terminate the contract. Examples of these texts are Article (794), which provides for increased obligation of the employer in the contract for independent work if it turns out that the implementation of the design requires a massive increase in expenses, where the text allows the employer after being informed of the amount of the increase to release himself from the contract, and Article (492), which requires an increase of the price if it appears in the sold object an increase and the sold object is prejudiced by division and the price is fixed based on the standard unit, the law has given the buyer the right to terminate the contract, as well as Articles (679) and (538) of the civil law which provide for increasing the obligations of the non-breaching contracting party but giving him the right to terminate the contract. At the end of the research paper, I have reached to a set of findings and recommendations.
Keywords:
 
La Révolution de L’électroménager en France: cas de la Machine à Laver le Linge
80-90
Ouakoubo Gaston GNABRO
 
Abstract:
Ce travail de recherche sur la machine à laver le linge en France donne un aperçu de l’invention et du développement général de cet appareil à travers plusieurs siècles. Il explique brièvement l’histoire de la machine à laver en tant que outil technique intervenant dans la société humaine grâce aux génies inventeurs afin d’apporter une solution rationnelle à un problème d’ordre social. Par ailleurs, le travail parle de l’histoire naturel bien qu’il s’agisse d’un matériel technique parce qu’il décrit cet objet technique à travers le temps, afin de comprendre son évolution technologique jusqu’au XXIe siècle. Il parle de la mutation passive des techniques de la révolution industriellequi ont donné naissance àla production de biens d’équipement agricole : la machine agricole, à la production des biens de consommation domestique : la machine à laver le linge. Toutefois, le texte explique commentla vulgarisation de la machineà laver a connu des limites du fait que les logements qui avaient été construits avant les années 1960 n’étaient pas appropriés d’oùdifficultés de son adaptation et de son intégration.
Keywords: électroménager, machine à laver, linge, lavoir, lavandière
 
Balanced Scorecard: a reflection on its use in an Brazilian Organization of the Third Sector
91-105
André da Silva Zembo André, Clarissa Figueredo Rocha, Alaís Daiane Zdziarski, Claudimar Pereira da Veiga and Luiz Carlos Duclós
 
Abstract:
This study aims to analyze the positive and negative implications of the use of the Balanced Scorecard - BSC in dynamics and management of social strategic actions for a Non-govenmental organization - NGO called Pequeno Cotolengo, located in Curitiba City / Brazil and consequently analyze whether there are implications of BSC in the performance of this organization. As a research strategy, a single case study of descriptive nature and qualitative approach was adopted. Data was collected by performing semi-structured interviews and support documents made available by the entity, and wase analyzed using content analysis with the help of Atlas.ti software. The results indicate that even with some limitations and challenges to be faced, the BSC has been revealed as a useful and beneficial management tool to the organization, contributing to the development of the strategic plan, for strategic management, to identify critical points and points that need improvement, and for the results presentation in a participatory manner. As a research contribution, in the realm of NGOs there is a link between performance measures and organizational strategy and a link between the non-financial and financial indicators, which allow the creation of value for improving social strategic actions.
Keyword: Management of strategic actions; Measurement and evaluation of performance; Non-govenmental organization.
JEL Classification Code: M1; M10; M14
 
 
Administration of Foreign Aid and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Study of World Bank Assisted Project on Universal Basic Education Programme in Ebonyi State
106-115
Joseph Okwesili Nkwede, Nwovu, Arinze Samuel and Larry E. Udu
 
Abstract:
This paper attempts to give an overview of the management of foreign aid in Nigeria with a particular reference to World Bank contribution towards the implementation of universal Basic Education (UBEC) in Ebonyi State. Convenient sampling was employed to select 390 persons that were used for the study with two research questions guiding the study. Weighted mean, standard deviation and impact indicator were used to answer the research questions with items of 2.00 and above making important impact. The work concludes among other things that government efforts at using the free and compulsory Universal Basic Education to achieve the goals of mass literacy seems to be lagging behind in Ebonyi State. It was recommended among others that adequate involvement of Parent Teachers Association (PTA) and School heads when locating, implementing and negotiating the contract bid for execution of UBEB projects in community schools should be encouraged.
Keywords: Universal Basic Education Programme, foreign aid, UBEC projects, sustainable development, World Bank, Nigeria
 
 
Analysis of Some Factors Affecting the Needs of External Audit Institution of Rural Village (Studies in Rural Credit Institutions throughout Buleleng)
116-132
Anantawikrama Tungga Atmadja and Komang Adi Kurniawan Saputra
 
Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the effect of ownership variables, scale and liabilities to external audit requirements in Village Credit Institutions (LPD) across Buleleng. This study uses the questionnaire survey, the number of samples used were 63 LPD. Analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results showed that the ownership and liability do not affect the need for an external audit LPD, whereas the scale and monitoring significant effect on external audit requirements LPD.
Keyword: Ownership, Scale, Liability, External Audit Oversight, Village Credit Institutions (LPD)
 
 
Condition and Characteristics of Poor Farmer Households in the Perspective of Participatory Local Social Development in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
133-140
Syafiuddin and Abdul Mahsyar
 
Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the condition and characteristics of the institution of rural farming community, especially poor households, by addressing issues of why severalrelated variables still exist, and what efforts are deployed to develop it.The objective is related to issues like the tendency of rural development at the local level that has not been able to improve the institutional ability and formation for rural community.The research method applied is descriptive qualitative method and the type of relevant research like case study combined with triangulation technique.The results show that (1) poor farmer households in Jeneponto generally farm on dryland, according to the condition of the surrounding nature, by growing corn and rice.Corn is planted twice a year while rice is planted only once a year.Generally, poor farmers are tenant farmers while some own a slight piece of land.The farming capital of each poor household is generally provided by other parties, obtained by borrowing and the repayment is in the form of deposit of farm products and profit-sharing system, governed entirely by the owners of the capital. Saving culture is hardly available. It is due to limited income as well as the urgent needs of family (2) Institution among poor farmer community (households) is formed naturally in the form of patron-client relationship with profit-sharing system, generally set by the patron. There is an institutional formation, initiated through empowerment; yet still searches for the appropriate form and has not shown its independence. The poor households still nevertheless feel the benefit of government programs for a short term. Poor people rely on the aid in the form of training or provision of certain knowledge and skill related to the world of agriculture as well as other skills.
Keywords: condition and characteristics, household, poor farmer